![]() We have focused in particular on hybrid films based on (i) polyelectrolytes, (ii) polymer brushes, as well as (iii) tethers and cushions formed from synthetic polymers, and (iv) block copolymers in combination with lipids, biomolecules, and chosen nanoparticles ( Figure 1). We have presented these hybrid films in particular regarding their applications for targeted drug delivery, stimuli-responsive coatings, tissue engineering, and biosensing by utilizing their diverse physicochemical properties, such as catalytic and optical activity, as well as stimuli-responsive changes in their morphology, chemical composition, or electrical properties. ![]() The goal of this review was to highlight some of the recent significant advances in the development of hybrid biomimetic polymer-based films holding great potential for addressing the current niches and unanswered questions from the areas of biomedical, biosensing, or environment-related applications. Depending on the composition and properties of the membrane, it can allow a number of diversified moieties, including polyelectrolytes, nanoparticles, biomacromolecules, and cells, to be incorporated into the system, which, due to their broad range of properties, offers functionalization potential limited only by the researcher’s imagination. Due to the importance of this topic, many reports have been published regarding hybrid membranes with a focus on the principles of assembly in solution and on supporting surfaces. Including block copolymers in hybrid membranes increases their mechanical and structural stability, which are essential features in biomedical applications. In order to take advantage of the specific characteristics of both lipids and block copolymers, these two components have been mixed to form hybrid membranes. ![]() Native membrane lipids confer biocompatibility and biofunctionality upon the model membrane, while the synthetic block copolymers improve membrane stability, act as barriers, and allow for chemical diversity of the model membrane. Typically, model membranes consist of lipids (naturally occurring or synthetic) or synthetic block copolymers. In the past few decades, much attention has been devoted to developing a novel model biointerfaces that mimic the basic functions of biological membranes. While the phospholipid bilayer provides the structural backbone of the membrane, proteins, e.g., peripheral or transmembrane proteins, are incorporated in or attached to the phospholipid matrix. In addition to the various types of lipids that occur in biological membranes, membrane proteins and sugars are also key components of the structure. Biological membranes consist of a double sheet of lipid molecules, generally referred to as the phospholipid bilayer. Biological membranes constitute an interface between cells and their surroundings, form distinct compartments within the cell, and provide a catalytic site for various mechanisms, such as molecular recognition, enzymatic catalysis, cellular adhesion, and membrane fusion. We believed that this comprehensive review would be of interest to both the specialists in the field of biomimicry as well as persons entering the field.īiological membranes play crucial roles in cellular protection as well as in the control and the transport of nutrients. The review has further exemplified their bioengineering, biomedical, and environmental applications, in dependence on the composition and properties of the respective hybrids. In this respect, multiple approaches to the synthesis, characterization, and processing of such hybrid films have been presented. We have focused in particular on hybrid films based on (i) polyelectrolytes, (ii) polymer brushes, as well as (iii) tethers and cushions formed from synthetic polymers, and (iv) block copolymers and their combinations with biomacromolecules, such as lipids, proteins, enzymes, biopolymers, and chosen nanoparticles. In this review, we have highlighted recent advances in the development and applications of hybrid biomimetic planar systems based on different polymeric species. Due to their extreme complexity, there has been an increasing interest in developing model membrane systems of controlled properties based on combinations of polymers and different biomacromolecules, i.e., polymer-based hybrid films. ![]() Biological membranes, in addition to being a cell boundary, can host a variety of proteins that are involved in different biological functions, including selective nutrient transport, signal transduction, inter- and intra-cellular communication, and cell-cell recognition. ![]()
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